Email this article 
Language Use and Language Attitudes of Sumbawanese Speakers in Bali
Abstract
This study examines the language maintenance model for a local language in another language community, specifically to examine Sumbawanese language maintenance in the Balinese community. This study encompasses 1) the Sumbawanese speakers’ competence of Sumbawanese language; 2) Sumbawanese language use patterns in the Balinese community; 3) language attitudes of Sumbawanese speakers toward their language. This study focuses on Denpasar's several locations, where most of the language interaction occurred, and data were collected through observation, interviews, and questionnaires. Those data were analyzed by using a software program, namely an excel chart data series. The research subjects were both older and younger Sumbawanese speakers. An analysis of language attitudes also considered the roles of language choice and language change in maintaining cultural diversity and ethnic identity, which will psychologically provide a feeling of assurance in personal linguistic competence. In Sumbawanese speakers, the context of communicating in Balinese society will be thoroughly considered. The findings show that speakers of Sumbawa language have good competence towards Sumbawa language, rarely use Sumbawa language, and have more positive than negative attitudes towards their language. Speakers are stimulated to maintain the frequency of language use and their positive language attitudes to be competent intercultural speakers.
Keywords: Balinese, language use, language attitude, language change, Sumbawanese
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Baker, W. (2009). Language , culture and identity through English as a Lingua Franca in Asia : Notes from the field, 1–30. Retrieved from http://www.linguisticsjournal.com/
Berowa, A. M. C., Devanadera, A., & David, S. M. O. (2018). Attitude toward English among Vietnamese students in the Philippines. The Asian EFL Journal, 20(2), 6–19.
Byram, M. (2008). From foreign language education to education for intercultural citizenship: Essays and reflections. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Ltd.
Chaer, A. (2004). Sosiolinguistik: Perkenalan awal. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.
Crystal, D. (1998). The English language: A guided tour of the language. London: Penguin Books.
Dewi, U. P., & Setiadi, C. J. (2018). Language attitude and language choice in bilingual academic learning environment. Lingua Cultura, 12(4), 369–373. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21512/lc.v12i4.4288
Dhanawaty, N. M. (2002). Variasi dialektal bahasa Bali di daerah transmigrasi di Lampung tengah (Dissertation). Yogyakarta: Universitas Gajah Mada.
Dweik, B. S., & Al-Obaidi, T. A. (2014). Syriac language maintenance among the Assyrians of Iraq. Journal of Sociology and Social Work, 2(1), 269–282.
Dweik, B. S., Nofal, M. Y., & Qawasmeh, R. S. (2014). Language use and language attitudes among the Muslim Arabs of Vancouver/Canada: A sociolinguistic study. International Journal of Linguistics and Communication, 2(2), 75–99.
Dweik, B. S., & Qawar, H. A. (2015). Language choice and language attitudes in a multilingual Arab Canadian community: Quebec–Canada: A sociolinguistic study. British Journal of English Linguistics, 3(1), 1–12.
Garrett, P. (2010). Attitudes to Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Holmes, J. (1992). An introduction to sociolinguistics. London: Longman Group.
Ifeyinwa, O. E. (2014). Language attitude and Nigerian pidgin. International Journal of Arts and Humanities, 3(4), 34–46. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijah.v3i4.3
Jendra, I. W. (2007). Sosiolinguistik: Teori dan penerapannya. Surabaya: Penerbit Paramita.
Kartika-Ningsih, H., & Rose, D. (2018). Language shift : analysing language use in multilingual classroom interactions. Functional Linguistics, 5(9), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40554-018-0061-0
Kovecses, Z. (2006). Language, mind, and culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ladegaard, H. J. (2000). Language attitudes and sociolinguistic behavior: Exploring attitude-behavior relations in language. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 4(2), 214–233.
Mahsun, M. (2005). Metode penelitian bahasa. Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada.
Mardiana, H. (2020). Lecturers ’ Attitudes towards Online Teaching in the Learning Process. Register Journal, 13(1), 77–98. https://doi.org/10.18326/rgt.v13i1.77-98
Menggo, S. (2018). English learning motivation and speaking ability. Journal of Psychology and Instruction, 2(2), 64–69.
Menggo, S., Suparwa, I. N., & Astawa, I. G. (2019). Hindering factors in the achievement of English communicative competence in tourism academy students. Aksara, 31(1), 137–152. https://doi.org/10.29255/aksara.v31i1.235.137-
Moleong, L. J. (2010). Metode penelitian kualitatif. Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya.
Nursaid, N., Erizal, G., Amris, N., & Yarni, M. (2000). Karakteristik kebahasaan warga transmigrasi di Sitiung provinsi Sumatera barat: Suatu kajian sosiolinguistik. Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa Depdiknas.
Ratnasari, D. (2018). The importance of cross-cultural understanding in foreign language teaching in the Asian context. Bahasa Dan Seni, 46(2), 124–131. https://doi.org/10.17977/um015v46i22018p124
Rokeach, M. (1972). Beliefs, attitudes, and values: A theory of organization and change. San Fransisco: Jossey-Bass.
Schoel, C., Roessel, J., Eck, J., Janssen, J., Petrovic, B., Rudert, S. C., & Stahlberg, D. (2012). Attitudes towards languages scale: A global instrument. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 20(10), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X12457922
Scollon, R., & Suzanne, W. S. (2001). Intercultural communication. Oxford: Blackwell Publisher.
Showalter, C. J. (1991). Getting what you asked for: A study of sociolinguistics survey questionnaires. In In Kindel & E. Gloria (eds.), Proceedings of the Summer Institute of Linguistics International Language Assesment Conference. Horsleys Green, Dallas: SIL International.
Søndergaard, B., & Norrby, C. (2006). Language maintenance and shift in the Danish community in Melbourne. International Journal of Sociology of the Language, 180, 105–121. https://doi.org/10.1515/IJSL.2006.043
Suek, L. A. (2014). The influence of language use and language attitude on the maintenance of community languages spoken by migrant students. Englisia, 1(2), 297–306.
Thamrin, T. (2018). The language attitudes of Minangkabau people towards Minangkabau and Indonesian language. International Journal of Language Teaching and Education, 02(2), 157–175. https://doi.org/10.22437/ijolte.v2i2.5065
Tika, I. K., Malini, N. L. N. S., & Darmasetiyawan, I. M. S. (2015). Bahasa dan kategori sosial pada masyarakat Bali, Sasak, dan Sumbawa: Sebuah kajian sosiolinguistik pada rumpun bahasa bagian timur Melayu-Polinesia barat. Unpublished Research.
UNESCO. (2003). Language vitality and endangerment. Retrieved August 21, 2020, from http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CLT/pdf/Language_vitality_and_endangerment_EN.pdf
Wamalwa, E. W., & Oluoch, S. B. J. (2013). Language endangerment and language maintenance: Can endangered indigenous languages of Kenya be electronically preserved? International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 3(7), 258–266.
Wardhaugh, R. (2006). An Introduction to sociolinguistics (5th edi.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Winchester, J. (2009). The self concept, culture and cultural identity: An examination of the verbal expression of the self concept in an intercultural context. The Linguistics Journal: Special Edition Language, Culture and Identity in Asia, 63–81.
Yürekli, A., & Afacan, A. (2020). Journal Writing and Diary Journal Writing : Effects on Students ’ Writing Proficiency and Student and Teacher Attitudes. Register Journal, 13(1), 1–48. https://doi.org/10.18326/rgt.v13i1.1-48
DOI: https://doi.org/10.18326/rgt.v13i2.333-350
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2020 Sebastianus Menggo, I Made Suastra
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.