Grammatical Interference From English Into Indonesian Language Made by English Native Speakers in Salatiga

This research was carried out the syntactic interference from English to Indonesian language made by English native speakers in Salatiga. This study was also intended to find out morphological interference from English to Indonesian language made by English native speakers in Salatiga. The research method used was interviewing, recording and transcribing. This method was applied by interviewing English native speakers, then the writer recorded and transcribed to find out the interference that they made. After the data had been collected and analyzed, the writer finds several sub-classifications in syntactic interference as the following: (1) sentence; (2) phrase; (3) diction; and syntactic interference are dominated by phrase, because the phrase construction of English and Indonesian language is different. The construction phrase of Indonesian language is head word + modifier, but in English head word is put after the modifier. Meanwhile for morphological interference is dominated by applying the base form in using the verbs in sentence. The construction of verb in English does not need the inflectional morphology to make the sentence clear as the Indonesian language. The speakers have a tendency to use the base form to show the verb in Indonesian sentence.


Introduction
Communication is the requirement of life. As social creatures, people need it, and language is perfect tool to communicate. Recently learning language, especially more than one language is important for people in the world, because it can be the bridge to communicate with others in different places, even different countries. In fact, there are some constraints to do it, people who learn different language will find difficulties to learn the grammar, vocabularies, even phonetic aspect in that language. As the result, they will mix the same aspects from their mother tongue to language that they learn. In linguistics, this phenomenon is called interference.
The first scholar who introduces interference is Weinreich in 1953. He used interference to clarify the systemic change in language because of contiguity between that language and the other language that made by bilingual speaker (Chaer and Agustina, 2004:120).
Meanwhile according to Robert Lado, bilingualism is individual capability to use two languages equally well or almost equal technically referred to the knowledge of two languages whatever its degree (Chaer and Agustina, 2004:86). Almost bilingual people make interference in the beginning when they speak in their target language. For example, Indonesian who learns English, they will make interference in their writing or their speaking skill in the target language, in this case English.
With such grammatical pattern as the example, an Indonesian learning English could capably express the idea just like in Indonesian pattern as the following: She very loves her brother. Definitely, this utterance is not grammatically acceptable in English. The correct grammatical rule is the word very cannot be used to explain adverb such very loves. Very in English is used to modify an adjective. Therefore, the morpheme very is linked directly before an adjective, for instance: very busy, very beautiful, very angry, very important, very much, very little, very handsome, etc. In short, the word very cannot stand alone. On the contrary, the word, which can be used to modify an English verb, is very much.
On the other hand, English native speakers who learn Indonesian language could also experience language interference, not only Indonesian who learns English. When the writer met English native speakers, the writer heard that consonaQW ³W´ ZLOO EH ³F´ ZKHQ WKH\ VSRNH in Indonesian language. For example, the word tahu/tempe will be cahu/cempe, it is called phonic interference. Besides, language interference could also appear in morphological and syntactical areas which could be included in grammatical interference. Considering the situation above, the writer curious to find and identify kinds of syntactical and morphological interference from English to Indonesian language made by English native speakers in Salatiga.

Interference
The first scholar who used interference is Weinreich in 1953, he formulated interference to clarify the systemic change in language because of contiguity between that language and the other language that are made by bilingual speaker (Chaer and Agustina, 2004:120). Then, more than a decade ago, Fishman in 1971 decried the extensive and DUELWUDU\ HPSOR\PHQW RI WKH WHUP ´LQWHUIHUHQFH´ E\ PDQ\ OLQJXLVWV LQ reference to any number of bilingual phenomena. (Poplack, 1983:11) Instead of making the usual field work assumption that the underlying structures of the varieties encountered in bilingual speech communities were unknown, linguists have usually assumed that they were known, but basically nothing more WKDQ ; ³,QWHUIHULQJ´ with Y and vice versa. As a result they frequently failed to familiarize themselves with the communities and speakers from which they obtained their corpuses of speech. Alwasilah (1985:131) explored the notion of interference based on Hartman and Stonk that interference is a mistake caused by the propensity of habitually used pronunciation (speech) of a language to another language pronunciation unit includes sounds, grammar, and YRFDEXODU\ 0HDQZKLOH 9DOGPDQ ¶V RSLQLRQ LQ DV FLWHG E\ +D\L et.al (1985) mentions that interference is an obstacle because of speaker habits on mother language (first language) in the study of language acquisition (second language). Consequently, there will be transfer of negative elements from the mother language into the target language.
Suhendra Yusuf (1994:67) stated that the main factors of interference are the differences between the source language and the target language. The differences are not only in structure but also the variety of vocabularies. Another notion advanced by Jendra (1991:187), he declared that the interference is the infiltration system of a language into another language. Interference arises from implementing unit system of sounds (phonemes) by bilingual in a first language into a second language sound system, which causes chaos or irregularities at the phonemic system of the recipient language. Interference is a common symptom in sociolinguistic that occurs as a result of language contact, the use of two or more languages in the speech multilingual community. This case is an issue that attracted attention for linguists.

Syntactic interference
Interference occurs when the syntactic structure of a language is absorbed by the other language (Suwito, 1983:56). Interference can be seen in the use of syntactic fragments of words, phrases and clauses in sentences (Chaer and Agustina, 2004:124

Research method
The type of this research was qualitative research. The specific thing that observed and analyzed was the utterances comprise of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences made by English native speakers in Salatiga.
The writer took the subjects of research to get the data through purposive sampling technique. According to Arikunto (2006: 183) Purposive sampling is a technique of sampling based on some consideration. There are ten subjects in this research. They are nine Americans and one Dutchman who speak English since they were child. to get the data. After data had been collected, the writer analyzed the data based on the syntactical and morphological interference in order to find out their classification.

Syntactic interference
Sentence Suhendra Yusuf (1994:67) states that the main factors of interference are the differences between the source language and the target language. The differences are not only in structure but also in the variety of vocabularies. Thus, the structure of the target language always influences the interference made by bilinguals. Meanwhile, structure of English and Indonesian language in the sentence has similarities: 1) Kemudian saya bekerja sebagai instruktur pilot untuk pilot, baru murid ya.

S P O (Then, I worked as a pilot instructor for a pilot, the new student)
It is S + P + O which make foreigners easier to learn Indonesian language. Hence, there is limited interference in structure of sentence.
Kemudian saya bekerja sebagai insruktur pilot untuk pilot, baru murid ya from the sentence, then, I worked as a pilot instructor for a pilot, the new student. The structure is right. There are; I / saya as a subject, worked / bekerja as a predicate, as a pilot instructor / sebagai instruktur pilot as an object, and complement is for a pilot, the new student / untuk pilot,baru murid. The sentence structure is complete, subject, predicate, object, and the complement existed in the sentence above,but for the level of phrase, interference exists in the phrase baru murid. The phrase interference will be discussed in the next sub topic.

Phrase
There is a tendency, English native speakers made syntactic interference in the phrase construction and the diction in the sentence. As the previous data, the phrase hanya anak (the only child) has been interfered by English pattern, modifier + head word. The correct pattern is head word + modifier or anak hanya (the only child). In addition, hanya anak (the only child) has also interference in diction that will be discussed in the sub chapter 1b, so the right sentence should be, saya anak ( di-and ke-, di-is the preposition of place relation (at), but ke-is refers to direction of the place (that will go). (Moeliono, 1997:230 The interference in sentence above is for that was translated by untuk, but has a meaning selama as a sign of the relation of time era. Actually, in the sentence above has interference in morphological aspect too that will be discussed in the sub chapter two. In this context, for has a meaning selama and it should be, Saya pergi ke The interference in the sentence below is incorrect translation for the word by. Whereas, by or oleh is preposition that indicates the object relation, while the speaker explained the preposition of manner and the appropriate word is dengan.

15) Saya belajar oleh internet aja. (I learned by internet)
In the context of sentence above, oleh internet is the preposition of manner. It should be, Saya belajar dengan (menggunakan) internet aja. (I learned by internet)

Diction
In the level of sentence, the writer found the interference in the relative clause as the data below; 16) Saya punya teman, teman di pasar siapa punya warung atau toko.
(I have a friend, a friend in the market who has a stall or store) In English sentence, relative pronoun used who to explain the object a friend in the sentence. The relative pronoun who cannot be interpreted directly in Indonesian language siapa. who or siapa in Indonesian language that used in the interrogative sentence, and the speaker supposed to use yangto translate the relative pronoun who, Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (2007), the word yang used to clarify the previous word in the sentence as the function of relative pronoun above. Hence, it should be, saya punya teman, teman di pasar yang punya warung atau toko. (I have a friend, a friend in the market who has a stall or store) Another interference in sentence is diction which was influenced by English language as a native language of the subjects, As the data; 17) Saya mohon maaf suami saya tidak bisa dipanggil. (

19) Tidak makan orang Indonesia.(It is not Indonesian food)
Tidak in the sentence above means abjuration. The sentence will mean, if the speaker use the appropriate diction bukan in this context, because bukan in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (2007) means abjuration. In addition, the sentence above has other interference in morphological aspect that will clarify in the next discussion. So the sentence should be, Bukan (makanan) orang Indonesia. (It is not Indonesian food)

Morphological interference
Actually, morphological process between Indonesian and English language is absolutely different. Morphological aspect is divided into two kinds, there are inflection and derivation. Verhaar (1983:66)  Indonesian language, inflectional morphology is often in the verb by adding prefixes and konfixes (the combination of prefixes and suffixes).
Later, derivational morphology according to (Verhaar, 1983:65) the alteration of morpheme that produces the word with the different lexical identity. English and Indonesian language have the same way to derivate the word, adding the prefix, suffix, and the combination of them.

Conclusion
In the research findings, the writer found some categories of syntactical interference. It consists of three classes, there are in sentence, phrase, and diction. The dominant interference was in the phrase class.
Interference was found in phrase construction (modifier and head word).
The construction phrase of Indonesian language is head word + modifier, but in English head word is put after the modifier. Except the phrase construction, interference was found in the application of preposition in the sentences. Especially when the speakers interpreted here and for.
In addition, the writer also found the morphological interference in application of base form for invention the verb and some nouns. Most of them, the interference in this case happened because the morphological process in English language, especially in the verb construction. In English, verb does not need the inflectional morphology to make the sentence clear as the Indonesian language that needs inflectional morphology in the sentence. As a result, the speakers inclined to use the base form to show the verb in Indonesian sentence.