Psychological Structural Analysis to “a Child Called IT” by Dave Pelzer

This paper attempts to explore a child abuse, the reason and the effect of the character's psychological development using the theory of psychological development and structural analysis. Two approaches are used in this paper. Those are structural approach and psychology, especially developmental psychology approach. The first approach focuses on literary intrinsic elements. The second approach focuses on the character's psychological development based on the developmental stages and tasks. Those are integrated into a psychological structural analysis. The result shows that child abuse that experienced by David is physical and psychological. He got the first stage of abuse commited by his mother who didn't give him food and the last stage evidenced by some physical abuses when he lived with his mother. The primary reasons of David abuses are disciplinary patterns and he was regarded as a trouble maker.

David Plezer through Dave²tells about a child who tried to VXUYLYH IURP KLV PRWKHU ¶V FUXHOW\ +LV IDWKHU RQO\ ZDWFKHG ZLWKRXW ability to help him. Even when he was legally taken by his country, his HIIRUW WR EH IUHHG IURP KLV PRWKHU ¶V VKDGRZ FRXOGQ ¶W EH VWRSSHG 8QWLO DW last he can prove that he can become a famous writer.
This paper tries to explore the kind of child abuse and its effect to a child by analyzing its character and characterization, plot and the ZULWHU ¶V SRLQW RI YLHZ %HFDXVH WKH problem is the psychological development of a child so it needs developmental psychology. Those theories will be integrated. Wellek and Warren (1976:81) state µE\ SV\FKRORJ\ RI OLWHUDWXUH ¶ we may mean the psychological study of the writer as type and as individual, or the study of the creative process, or the study of psychological types and laws present within works of literature, or , finally, the effect of literature upon its readers (audience psychology). It

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creative process, psychological types and the concept of psychology in literature and the effect of literature works upon its readers. It can be said that there is a significant relationship between psychology and literature. Psychology helps to clarify the problems in literature and literature presents insight to psychology. Monks, et.al (2004:1) say that the object of developmental psychology is the human development as an individual. Development refers to a process leading to bring out capabilities and cannot be repeated. Some psychologists differ in their opinion about growth and development. GrRZWK UHIHUV WR WKH DGGLQJ RI ERG\ ZHLJKW DQG SK\VLFDO ¶V function, whereas development refers to distinctive nature of psychological condition.
Meanwhile Piaget in his theory about cognitive development explains that cognitive development is discussed based on the phase of sensoric-motoric, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational states (Piaget, 1952:18,42,153). At every process of development there is a combination of self-encouragement to maintain and develop the self-encouragement. This means that what have been achieved will be maintained and used as a basic moral for further development. As a result of the defense, one will store all the useful experience. This experience will make the person more intelligent and mature. Kartono (1995:40) states that the combination of self-defense and encouragement of self-development is a process of new synthesis integration, namely the impulse of self realization and selftranscendence efforts. The developmental psychology also mentions that the principle of development, the main motive of life is to negate and break away from all obstacles, sense of tension, and inner disequilibrium to reach and satisfy state of inner equilibrium. This balance would be achieved if all the requirements are met so all tension and mental disorders are lost.

Discussion
By using the first person point of view (I), the narrator seemed to make the reader able to feel all feelings experienced by the character.
David as the main character and is a complex figure as can be seen from the dynamics of his life. It can be seen from his efforts to survive in the face of violence committed by his mother. The character in this novel is figured in dramatic ways. The reader will know the character and his attitude from several measures taken by him to survive. In the process of reading the novel, the reader will soon be brought with the dynamism of the character who never gave up in his quest to survive the abuse. From this note, it can be seen that at the first narration, the narrator at this case is David who brings the reader to the situation when he had to finish his task if he wanted to get a plate of rice. In this chapter, David also tells about the rescue that was done by his school teacher and ends the abuse from his mother. Then he was brought to foster house by a police officer.  (1963:42), when David got abused from his mother, he was at the phase of feeling ability versus low self esteem (6-12 years). In this phase the child will begin to learn to work together to compete through academic activities. As well as David, he felt very happy when he succeeded in writing and it made his teacher proud of him.. He hoped her mother would also be nice to him when she knew that he was doing well in his school, but he was wrong. His mother did not appreciate and reward for all that was done by him. As a result David felt that he was useless and he becomes low self-esteem. All his efforts to prove to his mother that

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that he was only it just like what his mother said and his presence was only making a problem in his family. He did not have a passion for life.
He resigned to that done by her mother until she eventually rescued by the teachers at his school.
David was in 5 th grade when he was rescued. He started to get abused when he was in kindergarten, which was the age of 3-4 years.
Refers to Kohlberg's moral development (1968:20) at that time child is in preconvention at the second phase. It can be seen from David'soriented attitude to punishment and obedience; he was very obedient to all that was done by his mother. The obedience to his mother made him more afraid of his mother. As a child he only felt fear when her mother suddenly punished him when his brother also did the same thing.