Developing Written News Item Text Materials for the Tenth Graders of Senior High School

School Based Curriculum or ―Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan”(KTSP) 2008 requires teaching and learning activities that should beactive, innovative, creative, enjoyable, cheerful and qualified. In order toshare or help teachers, this Research and Development (R&D) researchwas conducted that may inspire them in developing teaching and learningmaterials for the expected class. The scope of this study is developingwritten news item text materials for the ten graders of senior high schoolso that the students are able to create a simple short news item texts whichare classified into four kinds: straight, interpretative, investigative andcolor news stories. The method used was adapted and adjusted fromHyland‘s Model of material development. The process started from doinga survey, followed by developing materials, having experts and teachersvalidation, doing first revision, trying out, writing second revision, andproducing final result. The try out resulted student average score 76,14that means the students achieved 79,55 % above minimum nationallearning mastery, 75. This study focuses on the written news item textsfrom the 3 sources, namely newspapers, magazine and internet. Since thethree sources are available in one source, the internet, the final product isentitled ―3 News in 1‖ accompanied by Interactive Self-study VCD‘. ―Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan‖ (KTSP), 2008, mensyaratkanproses belajar mengajar yang aktif, inovatif, kreatif, menyenangkan,gembira, berbobot.Untuk berbagi dengan atau membantu guru, penelitianResearch and Development (R&D) ini mungkin memberi inspirasimereka dalam pengembangan materi pembelajaran seperti kelas yangdiharapkan tersebut. Ruang lingkup penelitian ini adalah untukmengembangkan materi teks berita tertulis bagi kelas X sekolahmenengah tingkat atas agar siswa dapat membuat teks berita singkat yangdiklasifikasikan dalam empat jenis: straight, interpretative, investigativedan color news stories. Metode penelitian yang digunakan diadaptasi darimodel pengembangan materi Hyland. Proses penelitian dimulai darimelakukan survei, yang diikuti dengan pengembangan materi, validasioleh guru dan ahli, revisi pertama, uji coba, revisi kedua, dan menyusulhasil akhir. Uji coba menunjukkan angka rata-rata 76,14 yang berarti79,55 % diatas angka criteria ketuntasan minimal, 75. Penelitian ini fokuspada teks berita tertulis dari tiga sumber, yaitu koran, majalah, daninternet. Dikarenakan ketiga sumber tersebut di dalam satu materi,internet, produk akhir disebut ―3 berita dalam 1‖ yang dilengkapi denganVCD interaktif untuk belajar sendiri.


Introduction
Although the school based curricula has been implemented since the academic year of 2006/2007, most teachers find it difficult to prepare their complete teaching kits. Indeed, the regulation looks so challenging, yet the teachers have not much time for preparing it. Furthermore, they sometimes feel unsuccessful in implementing the concepts that they have into practices. On the other hand, the students need something interesting, enjoyable, and challenging learning process.
It includes the learning material. It is contradictory with the monotonous Sri Muryati material that they have got. Nowadays, we as teachers should be aware of this urgent case. The learning material must be selected and revised into the more inovative ones.
7KH VWXGHQWV DUH WUHDWHG DV VXEMHFWV ZKLOH WKH WHDFKHUV ¶ IXQFWLRQ DV facilitators of the teaching learning process. In the process of the teaching and learning, text book is very important. Its existence needs improvement to be always updated, especially the standard material that be one of the central pillar of a text book. Accordingly, there are so many text books sold out in the market, whereas not all of the books cover the material which are based on Standard of Competences (Standar Kompetensi) and Basic Competences (Kompetensi Dasar). Teachers at school have more than one textbook for teaching. In choosing a textbook, a teacher has his or her own criteria though some are unqualified. There are some books chosen by him or her only because of their low prices.
Conversely, there are some good books that are sold unsatisfactory because of unfamous publisher and sometimes the students cannot afford it. In facing this circumstance, teachers as the facilitators, should facilitate the teaching-learning process by using additional material or media. This will help them do the communication with their students.
%DVHG RQ WKH ZULWHU ¶s experience in teaching, in order to make the process of teaching and learning more interesting, enjoyable and challenging. She uses instructional media to make the progress of instructional purposes more effective and knowledgeable. They are applied through hardware and software. In this study, their applications will be used in the form of Video Compact Disk (VCD) as hardware and Microsoft Power Point 2007 as software which present animation, colour, Developing Written News Item Text Materials for the Tenth Graders of Senior High School movies and sound. In addition as supporting programs, she uses Ulead 3D Cool Studio ,VCD cutter and Macromedia Flash.
In developing material that will be a part of a text book, she should be aware of what materials she is going to choose. Developing materials of news item is chosen because it relaWHV WR VWXGHQWV ¶GDLO\ OLYHV By using news item texts, they will get knowledge and information from all over the world so that they are aware of developing their interest of reading and writing in English both through printed and electronic media (internet). Besides, news item is stated in the curriculum for grade ten semester two.
Although the students have been taught to produce texts since they were in junior high schools, the activity of producing a text that is created by the students in Indonesia seem meaningless and disorganized eventhough they have studied grammar from the first time they learn English. Richards (2001:4) claims that the goal of language learning is communicative competence. Learners learn a language through using it to communicate, so does in communication by using texts. Hence, in creating a good text, the students need more practice in order to produce it as a medium of communication.
The scope of this study will be news item text in the form of written material. It is available in the Content Standards which explain that the scope of English Subject in SMA/MA contains the ability of knowing and creating short functional texts and monologues as well as essays. One of the text types is news item text. The gradation of the materials are taken from the use of vocabulary, grammar, and rhetorical steps.

Sri Muryati
To face the reading and writing situations of teaching-learning processes, the material development is formed by making a concept of scaffolding in order to create good collaborations between teacherslearners. Some models of developing material have been discussed by some researchers. One of them was by Hyland (2003:57)  7KHQ WKH HLJKWK DQG QLQWK +\ODG ¶V VWHSV WHDFKLQJ WKH FRXUVH DQG evaluation of learners) are simplified as trying out. Finally, as the last two additional steps, the doing second revision based on the tryout is necessarily conducted to improve the material before it comes to producing the final products.
The consideration of the students was made based on the curriculum that the text type news item is a compulsory subject for the ten graders of S.H.S. semester 2. The consideration of learning context and the consideration of the target context were made based on the need analysis in the form of questionaires given to the ten graders of S.H.S. and a teacher who was also teaching them. It was also based on the Informational Level of literacy (Celce-Murcia et al., 1995:6 in Agustien, H. I R.,2003. In informational level the learners are able to use English to access accumulated knowledge and use English in informal and formal contexts. This level is in line with the competence standard stated in the school based curriculum which is now being implemented at senior high schools in Indonesia. This study presenting the material development of news item (CBC, 2004) is a text that has the following elements: social function, generic structure, and language features. Firstly, the social function/communicative purpose of a News items is: to inform the readers, listeners or viewers about an event of the day, which is considered newsworthy or important. Secondly, generic structure comprises (1) newsworthy events: recounts the event in summary form, (2) background event : elaborate what happened, to whom, in what circumstances, (3) source: comments by participants in, witnesses to and authorities expert on the event. Then langauge features consists of short telegraphic information about: story summerized in one sentence, use of Sri Muryati material processes to re-tell the story, use of projecting verbal processes in source`stage, focus on circumstantial meaning.
Dealing with this challenge of planning to assess writing reports for their students, teachers need to be aware of a variety situations that will happen in the pedagogical implications during teaching-learning processes. There are criteria that will be used to construct them. (Schmitt & Messick (1989) in Richards (2001:15-16): Validity (did the test really mesure what it was supposed to measure?), Reliability (did the past test perform consistently from one administration to the next?), Practicality (was the test practical to give and mark in particular setting?) According to the statements above, this study will present final assessment in the forms of multiple choice and writing essay (written news item text) as psychomotoric score. For the multiple choice, the test items contain news item texts that will be analysed in terms of generic structure, language features such as past tense, punctuations, capital letters and comprehension. While in the essay, students are required to create a news item text by choosing one of available topics taken from RQH RI WKH HYHQWV RI WKH GD\ 6WXGHQWV ¶ DQVZHUV VKHHWV FRQVLVW RI VFRULQJ columns are ready at once.

This research used research and development (henceforth R & D)
approach, since the objectives of the study are to develop and innovate news item text material for the ten graders. Principally, the objective of R & D approach is managing and developing the effectiveness of products applied at schools. This is started from administering an Developing Written News Item Text Materials for the Tenth Graders of Senior High School observation that is valuable in deciding what material will be developed and on what grade the material will be consumed. The R & D process has been constructed in developing written news item material for the ten graders of senior high school.
In developing written news item texts material using R & D, this UHVHDUFK DSSOLHG WKH DGDSWHG +\ODQG ¶V PRGHO RI PDWHULDO GHYHORSPHQW DV stated in introduction part. The process of material developments were categorized into three stages. The first stage was need analysis by giving questionaires about the existing material used for the students.
Furthermore, teachers conducted a survey comprised: (a) mapping standard of competences, basic competences, text-types, and number of meeting taken from Content Standard and the accessible syllabus; (b) making Syllabus; (c) making lesson plan. The second stage was developing material, i.e. adapting, modifying, altering or simplifying the existing material linked with written news item text. The next process was competent experts and teachers validation on the developed draft product (the mapping, syllabus, lesson plan, a student book, a teacher guide, and Self-Study VCD as the result in developing the material). By referring to the validation forms of the experts and teachers, the writer did a revision. Next action was trying out upon the developed product. In The lesson plan of this study consisted of an identity of the subject, the standard of competences and basic competences, themes, subthemes, teaching methods, objectives, materials, meeting activities, evaluations, and final assessments. The additional contents were scoring rubric of writting assessment of a news item text.

Developing materials of written news item text
The Materials were developed into a product that consisted of the VWXGHQW ERRN WHDFKHU ¶V JXLGH LQFOXGLQJ WHDFKLQJ SURFHGXUH DQG DQswers key), and Self-study VCD as a supplement. Written texts were adapted/

Building Knowledge of the Field (BKoF)
The stage of BKoF was handed over into the introduction of news item text type to students for the first time. Here, they learned the basic idea of news item text. The discussion about the contributions of the text were started with the significance of a news text and its types. It discussed its social functions, generic structures, items and language features. The students browsed their mind everything that would be parts of a news item text by using simple words.
In unit 1, the discussion about³'R <RX /LNH 5HDGLQJ 1HZV VWRULHV´" Ior the shake of attractivenesV ZDV PRGLILHG LQWR ³%XLOG <RXU Reading Knowledge". In this stage, there were some goals should be covered in learning the materials: (a) share the content of written news item material and (b) the elements in a news item text. students were asked to classify the processes in a certain text.

Modelling of the text (MOT) In this stage, they paid attention to WHDFKHUV ¶ H[SODQDWLRQ LQ
applying the social functions, generic structure, and language features into news item texts. This activity was followed by the students who practice putting them in some exercises.

ZDV PRGLILHG LQWR ³+DYH D ORRN DW WKHVH 0RGHls of News
Item Texts" in Section 2. In the stage, students were supposed to get the models of news item texts. In addition, the students in the phase of writing skillswere given other model of news item text to be classified the processes into material, mental, relational, verbal, or behavioral.

Joint construction of the text (JCOT)
In JCOT, students began to contribute in constructing whole type of news text. Teachers reduced dramatically their contributions in constructing the news item text. Here, the students got closer to create the text-type independently.
By doing the stage in group, students wrote writing section in a different way. It is represented into the wheel process (Harmer, 2004:6) below: In the research, JCOT is modified inWR ³'R LW LQ *URXSV LQ section 3. In this stage, the students studied the elements of news item, social function, generic structure and language features. Afterwards, they

Independent construction of the text (ICOT)
In this stage, Feez andJoyce (2002:31 in Depdiknas,2009:313) states that students work independently to create the text and learner performances are used for achievement assessment. Making concept or drafting is merely done by students who have had higher level brain waves. Hence, news item texts made by students may be discussed with teachers or other writers. For the very first time, they possibly looked at dictionaries or thesaurus for new vocabulary but not in writing their final assessment.

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In this stage, students were expected to analyze the news item text individually. This stage ended by asking the students to find any latest news whether it was from news paper, magazie or internet then analysed it based on the generic structure of news item, action verbs e.g hit, run and saying verbs e.g tell, say.
In the beginning of fourth stage of writing skill, the students were asked to continue their work on worksheets to write their coverage based on the correct generic structure of news item individually, followed by the evaluation in Unit 3. The evaluation consisted of 35 items of multiple choice test and 5 items of essay test.

Experts and Teachers Validation
In developing written news item text material, there were three experts and two English teachers who did validations. The experts were: Multi Media of Self-study VCD 3,50 3,50

Doing first revision
In accordance with the experts comments, judgments, suggestions, and the need analysis, the first expert viewed the language of the syllabus and mind mapping which consisted of standard competences and basic competences. The first expert suggested that the competencies should be better written in the original Indonesian version.
The learning activities in the syllabus were revised from teacher to student centres.

Sri Muryati
Besides, the first expert approved the product, but there should be little improvement on typing or spelling, grammar and the news topic that must be closer to the needs and interests of the students. It was necessary to have a need analysis questionaire on topic or interest. The second expert suggested (1) to present the materials in a different frame, so that users would not too exhaust because of many posts in one view and (2) to provide right or wrong responses. The exercises should not only "click and drug", but it could be also in the form of "click and click".

Try out and its discussion
The preparation of the try out Based on the agreement between the researcher and the headmaster, the try out would be conducted by the teacher of grade ten in the school. The reason was that the students did not need much time to adapt to new teacher. Then, the writer showed the material which was SUHSDUHG LQ D VWXGHQW ERRN D WHDFKHU ¶V JXLGH DQG 0XOWLPHGLD 6HOI-study VCD and let the teacher read the syllabus and lesson plan. The teacher might leave any material that seemed too complicated for 10th graders.
By doing a simple random sampling, the tryout was performed in one class, selected from 10 classes that were labeled by using alphabets X 1 to X 10 .

The try out
Considering the time allotment, the tryout was conducted in five days, 90 minutes per meeting. During the tryout of the material, the teacher did not use Multimedia Room at school. This facility is not only used by the English teachers but also by the other subject teachers. In addition, by using the regular classroom, both the teacher and the researcher flexibly did any demonstations, group works, or outdoor movements. The tools needed for the tryout were prepared by the researcher.

Evaluation
In 29  On the final assessment, the teacher and the writer collaborated FKHFNLQJ VWXGHQWV ¶ scores. There were two scores for each student: multiple choice, and essay. The marking system was : Reading section : n x 2 = 70 Writing section : n x 6 = 30 ---------------Total score = 100 For multiple choice score, the teacher personally helped to calculate it. Because of subjectivity motives, the essay score was calculated by the teacher and the researcher, then, their scores for each student were averaged into one score only. According to the aggrement of the school stake holder, the minimum standard score of passing grade of this school is minimally 66 from 80% of its students.

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7KH UHVXOW RI WKH WHDFKHU ¶s opinion through a questionnaire was: The first revision showed that most of the experts and teachers estimated more than adequate on the material. As the result, the material did not need to be revised.

Producing the final product
In the last part of developing material, the writer edited and revised in order to generate a better product. Use of projecting verbal processes in source`stage ( in past tense form).
Focus on circumstantial meaning.
In line with the conclusions of this study, the recommendations presented below may be proposed into a similar study as well as English teachers who are going to apply this material development in their classrooms. The writer provides three recommendations. Firstly, the product of this study is practical as one of prototype in developing teaching-learning material by using available sources in massmedia.
Next, generally, teachers who apply the product should attempt it first before teaching-learning process. They have to confirm whether each time in reading and writing sections of each stage , the students get the point of reading comprehension and writing as well. Then specifically, further writers are able to develop material for other language skills, grades or perform spoken news item texts/ any other text-types by taking up the same model since this material development focuses on the written language and on one text-type.