Deixis Analysis of the Good Dinosaur TheMovie

This essay is a descriptive qualitative research which will attempt to answer the following objectives: (1) what are types of deixis found in the movie of “The Good Dinosaur”? And (2) what is the most dominant deixis found in the movie “The Good Dinosaur” and the analysis?From the analysis of the movie entitled “The Good Dinosaur”, found some data finding about the types of deixis which used in the movie. Five types of deixis they are: personal deixis, time deixis, place deixis, social deixis, and discourse deixis found in the film in the different data percentage. Personal deixis found in the highest percentage which directly answers the second objective with the data collection 80%, time deixis 5%, place deixis 3%, social deixis 9% and discourse deixis 3%.Personal deixis has a correlation to the point of view of narrating the film “The Good Dinosaur”. This caused by the finding of personal deixis involving thr first, second and third pronoun in determining the story. Further, this contribute to make the personal deixis dominate the deixis used in the film.


Introduction
Language is a tool to communicate between the speaker and the partner of speaking in the daily activity which has its own meaning and purpose. In the communication, language plays the most important thing to transfer and deliver the meaning to the hearer. To transfer it, well we know the name of verbal communication and written communication. Both of the kind of communication has their basic function of language tend to the need of the people to use the language in communication. Some of the functions of language are to express the feeling, to communicate, as a tool to make an integration and social adaptation in a particular environment and situation and also as the tool for social control (Keraf, 1997:3).
Deals to pragmatic in a language, Leech (1983:14) explain in his opinion that "pragmatic deals with verbal acts and performances which take place in particular situation, in time". As a part of language, pragmatic, which since 1938 had been acknowledged to be the new room of linguistics study, plays a fundamental role in studying the verbal acts in a particular performance and situation. Thus, pragmatic is a study of the ability of the language user in combining and adapting sentence correctly (Yuliana, 2011:1). As the part of language which also means as a study of language that involves the aspects in the outside of language, pragmatic has its own scope. Based on Gazdar (1979:2), pragmatics is the study of deixis (at least in a part), implicature, presupposition, speech acts and aspect of discourse structure.
Based on the explanation of Gazdar, the brief explanation of those studies in pragmatics, when the language focuses on how the hearer could response and answers explicitly the questions of the questioner with some non literal word of answer, the study of pragmatic is divined as implicature. However, if the hearer can give a response with some additional meaning such as some assumptions, the study named as presupposition. Further, Levinson in Suyono (1990:5) a linguist define other part of pragmatic namely speech acts that according to him, communication is not only a symbol, word or sentence but it is more appropriate to be called as a the result of those which forms a behavior of speech act, which this is also studied in the pragmatic. Another part of pragmatic is deixis that could be meant as a condition in semantic which exist in a sentence or utterance in which only could be interpreted the reference with considering the context of speaking or sentence.
In this occasion, during the fulfilling of the paper, the writer interested to raise the study of pragmatic which deals to the reference that considering the context of speaking to be interpreted: Deixis.
Deixis in a communication plays some important matters to refer who or what the object is being talked about. Deixis is a part of language which always present both in daily communication and in the text or discourse. As what Yule (1996:1) stated, "the technical term for one of the most basic things we do with utterances which means pointing is called deictic expression.
To analyze those explanations of deixis, the writer tries to analyze it from the very good movie namely "The Good Dinosaurs" movie directed by Peter Sohn. The Good Dinosaur is a 2015 Arlo instead resolves to save Spot, making the vision of his father proud before he fades away. Arlo wakes up filled with determination and finds and attacks the pterodactyls, which have cornered Spot at the river. Arlo and Spot manage to overpower the pterodactyls, plunging them one after another into the water where they are swept helplessly downstream. Another flash flood occurs, triggering a massive torrent to approach. Despite his fear, Arlo leaps into the water to rescue Spot as the two are swept away toward a waterfall. Arlo protects Spot as the two falls, and carries him to shore.
As they approach Arlo's home, the two again hear the unknown caveman call, and are approached by an entire caveman family. With great reluctance, Arlo pushes Spot to join his kind, and the two of them share a tearful goodbye. Arlo finally arrives back home to his mother and siblings, and makes his mark on the silo between those of his mother and father.

Film as a Literacy Media
Nowadays, technology has been long developed. Literacy resources could not only be found by the reading habit but trough many resources that also involve another part of senses such like visual, audio and the combination of both visual and audio. Even of course the use of reading habit is the main resource to acquire the information.
Film also called a movie, motion picture or photoplay as described by Wikipedia (2016  an art critic frames it as the ways of seeing that can effectively produce and determine the meanings and outcomes of discourse itself and which, therefore, shape the cultural contexts. John Berger according to make film as one of media reference proposed on his script entitled Ways of Seeing (1972) that described by West Georgia University in his westga.edu (Retrieved May 12 th 2016) 3 core concepts of media literacy that can be applied to films as follow: 1. Representations and images in media catalogue or mirror commonly shared practices, ideologies and experiences. In this sense, media representations play a formative role in reifying and entrenching cultural practices and are seen to be expressions, often, of the collective (or dominant) will. An advertisement, for example, might project gendered, classist, and even racial fears or fantasies; a film might catalogue the beliefs, assumptions, and prejudices of a particular historical moment.
2. To draw from Henry Giroux, one of todays leading critical pedagogy scholars, The media enacts its own invisible pedagogy.
Media is not neutral terrain but rather contains embedded arguments, points of view, and messages.
3. According to Maurice E. Stevens, in an article on Spike Lees Malcolm X, the visual medium is an arbiter of identities. Hence more than merely reflecting shared beliefs, customs and value-systems by which we come to identify ourselves, the media plays a critical role in constructing identities and social ideology, promoting, challenging, and mediating prevailing attitudes toward corporeality, race, gender, class, sexuality, occupation, (etc.) that permeate Western culture and language at their deepest levels.

Deixis in Pragmatics
Deixis deals with connections between discourse and the situation in which discourse is used. The term of 'deixis' is derived from the Greek word which mean 'to show' or 'to indicate' used to denote the elements in a language which refer directly to the situation. Moore  2001:14) give definition about deixis that "Deixis is an important field of language study in its own right and very important for learners of languages. But it has some relevance to analysis of conversation and pragmatics. It is often and best described as "verbal pointing", that is to say pointing by means of language. The linguistic forms of this pointing are called deictic expressions, deictic markers or deictic words; they are also sometimes called indexicals." Moreover, deixis is a technical term (from Greek) for one of the most basic things we do with utterance. Or it can be said 'pointing' via language. Essentially language, deixis concerns with the ways in which the interpretation of utterance depends on the analysis of that context of utterance.
Here are the explanations of five kinds of deixis as proposed by Levinson:

a. Person Deixis
In many languages, person deixis can also contain other meaning elements like the gender of the third person. In addition, to pronoun and agreeing predicates, person, or participant-role is marked in various other ways. Person deixis concerns with the encoding of the role of participants in the speech even in which the utterance in question is delivered. Yule (1996, p.9-10) describe that person deixis involves the speaker and the addressee and operates in a basic three-part division they are: 1) First person (I). The first person deixis is a reference that refers to the speaker or both speaker and referent grouped with the speaker which is expressed in singular pronouns (I, me, myself, mine) and plural pronouns (we, us, ourselves, our, ours). The first person deixis can be divided into exclusive first person deixis, which refers to a group including addressee.
2) Second person (you). The second person deixis is a deictic reference to a person or persons identified as addressee, such as you, yourself, yourselves, your, yours.
3) Third person (He, She, It). Third person deixis is a deictic reference to a referent(s) not identified as the speaker or addressee and usually imply to the gender that the utterance refers to, for example: he, she, and they, him, himself, her, herself.

b. Place deixis
Is also described as spatial deixis, where the relative location of people and things is being indicated. Place deixis or spatial deixis usually expressed in this, these, there, here, that, and those.
Place deixis can be described along many of the same parameters that apply to the time deixis. Therefore, those references to place can be absolute or relational in nature. Grundy (2000)

e. Discourse deixis
Discourse deixis deals with the orientation in the text through the writer or the speaker, the relation of the text passages to the current utterance either as a head of time or past, forthcoming or simultaneous. It encodes reference to portions of the unfolding discourse in which the utterance is located (Levinson, 1983, p.62).
It means that discourse deixis is deictic reference to a portion of a discourse relative to the speaker's current location in the discourse, such as: above, below, last, previous, proceeding, next or following (usually used in texts) and this, that, there, next, last (usually used in utterances).
In spoken or written discourse, there is frequently occassion to refer to earlier or forthcoming segments of the discourse. Since discourse unfolds in time, it is natural to use temporal deictic terms to indicate the relation of the referred to to the temporal location of the present utterance in the discourse. But spatial terms are also often employed. Reference to parts of of a discourse which can only be interpreted by knowing where the current coding or receiving point is, are clearly deictic in character (Asher 1994:856). Levinson (1983:86) added that discourse deixis should be distinguished from a related notion that of anaphora. Moreover, discourse deixis shares with anaphora and cataphora the capacity to function as a text cohesion device. As we noted, anaphora concerns with the use of a pronoun to refer to the same referent as some prior term. Anaphora can hold within sentences, across sentences, and across at speaking in a dialogue. Deictic or other referring expressions are often used to introduce a referent, and anaphoric pronouns are used to refer to the same entity thereafter.
However, it is important to remember that deictic and anaphoric usages are not mutually exclusive. Therefore, in principle the distinction is clear: when a pronoun refers to a linguistic expression itself, it is discourse deictic. When a pronoun refers to the same entity as a prior linguistic expression refers to, it is anaphoric.
In other words, discourse deixis is an expression used to refer to certain discourse that contain the utterance or as a signal and its relations to surrounding text.

Research Objective
Based on the background above, the paper only analyzed the scope of pragmatic that focus on deixis in the film entitled "The Good Dinosaurs movie directed by Peter Sohn". This film is an English film that possibly to be analyzed the language used for communicating in the film. Thus, the study of this paper will focus to analyze of the research question as follow: 1. What are types of deixis found in the movie of The Good Dinosaur?
2. What is the most dominant deixis found in the movie and the analysis?

Research Methodology
The research will present some data in order to complete the research and will use a descriptive qualitative method to analyze the data because the goal of this method is to describe the facts, characteristics, and relationship of the researched elements. Bogdan and Biklen (1982:37) states that there are five features of qualitative method: The natural setting is the direct source of data and the researcher is the key instrument in qualitative research; qualitative data are collected in the form of words or picture rather than numbers; Qualitative researchers are concerned with process as well as product; Qualitative researchers tend to analyze their data inductively; How people make sense of their lives is a major concern to qualitative researches.
In addition, Moleong (1995, p.6) says that qualitative research is descriptive, which means that the analyzed data and its findings are in the forms of descriptions, instead of numbers. Therefore, it is clear why this method is chosen.
A descriptive method will be applied in presenting the data, analysis, and its findings. This method is the most appropriate method because it will systematically and factually describe and illustrate the characteristics and the connection between the phenomena studied (Gay L. R: 1998:34). Descriptive methods is appropriate for this study because the goal of this study is systematically, factually, and accurately describes or illustrates the fact, characteristics and relationship of the researched element. of the total deixis found in the movie. We can observe it in the chart below: Personal deixis longer we talk about the character of the movie.
In this context, the use the author, that is Peter Sohn, asks us to analyze the story from where the author tells it in the context of narrating. This is called as point of view of a story.
Winahyutari ( In brief, it can be said that in the movie, there are two types of point of view used to describe the experiences experienced by the characters of the movie. As the basic, the author use third person of point of view to describe the story by let the characters talk and make a dialogue between the characters by naming her/his self and make a mention of each characters as the variation of using of pronominal.
In this context, the author is also allowing the character to have a direct conversation that could be enjoyed by the readers in case as the viewers. However, in the way the characters play their role, they also tell him/herself and sometime tell others by combining both of first and second and second and third personal pronoun. As the developing of the story, this is allowed in a story to add the pursue essence of the movie could be longer enjoyed by the viewers.

Conclusion
Based on the data presentation and data analysis of deixis used in Good Dinosaur the movie, the writer draws some conclusion as follows: 1. Five types of deixis are found in the movie of The Good Dinosaur.