Javanese Phrase Construction in Classical Books Translation

When the system or structure of language is used and influenced by other languages, it is called interference, and it may ruin the concept of structures. This research is about Arabic phrase construction that influenced Javanese phrase construction in classical books translation (TKK). This involvement appears when the concept of Arabic's construction is translated literally into Javanese. The research was carried out by applying theories of interference and translation. It's analysis approach with contrastive analysis which is allegedly enabled errors to be predicted from a comparison between Arabic's and Javanese's phrase construction. The data were found and collected from several classical books in Arabic language (KKbA) translated by different writers. The results show that Javanese phrase construction (as the target language), particularly, with noun phrases, with adjectival phrases, with numeral phrases, and with prepositional phrases was influenced by Arabic's murakkab or Arabic phrase construction (as the source language). Arabic has its own concept of phrase construction. The phrase construction cannot be translated into Javanese directly through word-for-word translation or literal translation. Thus, Javanese in TKK became inconvenient and ungrammatical. Arabic phrase construction is flipped around (with noun phrases and adjectival phrases) and prepositions are used and translated improperly or in the wrong position (with prepositional phrases). This research has many implications for further use, such as: for the identification and description of the deviation of Javanese phrase construction which has been affected by direct translation from the Arabic language, and furthermore, to increase the knowledge of those who are learning by increasing the realization and awareness in writing and translating (especially from Arabic to Javanese) about the fact that Arabic and Javanese have their own regulations or patterns which are different then the other language.

From the above description, it is known that in fact the problems related with interference are so broad or unlimited. Therefore, in this research the discussion will be limited to grammatical interference, especially the interference which occurs at the level of phrases.
In accordance with the focus of research above, theory that will be used as the basis of this research is grounded theory related to the phrase and its structure, the theory of inference and the theory of translation.
The theories of phrases had been argued by Verhaar (2001), Chaer (1994, Ramlan (2001), andAsmah (1980). From their opinions, it can be concluded that phrase is a grammatical unit consisting of two or more words, but not exceed the limits of functions and can take part in one of the syntactical function in sentence.
The theory of interference, among others, as proposed by Weinreich (1970:1) can be noted as two or more languages will be said to be in contact if they are used alternately by the same persons. The practice of alternately using two languages is called bilingualism, whereas the doer is called bilingual. At this point Emeneau (1980:38) calls it as "native-like control of two languages" or the equally-good-mastery of two languages.
However, in reality, the equal mastery (equivalent competence or balanced bilinguality) of two languages can not be regarded that someone is capable of using both languages at once in line with the function and its domain, because each individual has their own capabilities (Hamers, 1989:8). Thus, two languages which is used interchangeably by bilingual are likely to cause the influence or interference one another. The coverage of the problem of interference ranges from how someone can keep those languages remain separate, how he can mix up and understand the influence of one language on the use of other languages.
The definition of translation is the shift of a set of information or messages from the first language or source language into a second language or target language. Benjamin Jowett (in Suhendra, 1994:7) says: All translation is compromise: the effort to be the literal and the effort to be idiomatic. Every translation result is the combination of transferring writing and getting the equivalent in another language. Nida and Taber (1969) consider such translation as the dynamic equivalent translation. They say that: "Dynamic equivalence is therefore to be defined in terms of the degree to which the receptors of the message in the receptor language respond to it in substantially the same manner as the receptors in the source language." Another opinion is also expressed by Kridalaksana (1985Kridalaksana ( , 1993 who said that translation is the transfer of a mandate from source language into target language which focus on the peculiarities inherently lies on the target language. This means that the first and the main problem in the translation effort is how the translator can find an equivalent translation of words, phrases, clauses, sentences, and the elements of source language in the target language. If that so, it can be found the result of good translation which is informative and it will not cause any improper influence on the target language. In the practice of translation according to Nababan (1999), there are some types of translation. Some of them are: word-for-word translation, free translation, literal translation, dynamic translation, faithful translation, and so forth. According to Newmark (1981) (in Nababan, 1999:40) the main function of translation is a tool to deliver ideas or feelings to others.
Therefore, the translation should not only have the form and meaning, but also has function.
It is quite different to the tradition of translation in pesantren (Islamic boarding school) which is generally done by combining literal translation and the faithful translation as stated by Machali (2000:51), when the translator tried to reproduce the contextual meaning of the source language, but still keeping its purpose, goal and the grammatical construction. However, the results of the translation sometimes are still considered inconvenient and ungrammatical and therefore, they are difficult to understand. Therefore, this type of translation is considered can not provide the right and appropriate information. For example the following sentence in bA.
(1) Maka andadeake Allah marang wong iku saking saben saben Ja'alal-lahu lahu min kulli V N Pre+ Pr Pre Pre Karupekan ing panggonane metu saking karupekan (I: 252) dayyiqin makhraja N Kt ³$OODK *RG ZLOO VXUHO\ JLYH D ZD\ RXW RI DQ\ GLIILFXOWLHV (Faced) by the persoQ ³ The above sentence translation is difficult to understand for the readers because the translator used the faithful literal translation. It means that, when the translator tries to translate the above sentence he shifted a train of words within the text into BJ and did not give the content or the deep structure of the text. The result is just the unclear or obscure sentence meaning. The Readers who do not understand bA are impossible to check the original texts for various reasons, like they do not understand the grammar of Arabic or they do not know the meaning of its words. As the effect, the reader will find it difficult to understand the sentence: Maka andadeake Allah marang wong iku saben-saben karupekan ing panggonan metu saking karupekan 'Creating Allah (God) to that person from every trouble in a place to go out from trouble' By translating like that the meaning of the above sentence is on the FRQWUDU\ LW PHDQV ³$OODK PDNHV GLIILFXOWLHV IRU VRPHRQH ZKR ZLOO FRPH RXW of his difficulty or problem'. In fact, the mandate or information of the text in E$ LV QRW WKH VDPH ZLWK WKH ZULWHU ¶V DLPHG PDQGDWH WKDW LV $OODK ZLOO VXUHO\ provide a solution to every difficulty (faced by the servant of Allah)'.
The translation which is considered natural or reasonable is the dynamic translation or communicative translation which can be defined an effort of delivering the mandate contained in the source language by the use of commonly used expression. To achieve such type of translation there are three can be done: (1) an understanding of ideas in the source language, (2) finding equality or similarity of ideas that fit in the target language, and (3) producing versions in accordance with the norms or the rules that exist in target language. Therefore, the bA sentence above (1) above if it makes use or utilize the dynamic and communicative translation will produce translations of bI as follows.

Research methods
The data research was obtained from the various title and the author of KKbA which have been translated into bJ, they are: The Data taken from these KKbA were in a form of speeches that contains a phrasal forms, i.e. the nominal phrase, adjectival phrase, numeral phrase, and prepositional phrases. The obtained data was observed and selected of the speech which reflects the use of language that is considered non-standard. Furthermore, the collected data inventoried and recorded in the data card. After data have been collected, it is conducted the data selection and classification. The selection of data is done to select the data that is considered to represent the intended forms. Classification of data is done to choose the form that has similar elements. Furthermore, steps to determine why a particular form (in bJ construction in TKK) is considered non-standard and how the standard form should be performed. Therefore, since this study involves two different language structures, the method of data analysis that will be used is the contrastive method. Dealing with the name of this method Sudaryanto (1993) it is called the equivalent translational method and distributional method.
Contrastive method is an approach that assumes that the first language will affect the use of the second language or vice versa. The The preliminary work of this technique of analysis is to identify and divide the elements that make up a phrase. After that, the continuation technique is used, that is the deletion technique, the subtitution technique, and permutation technique (Sudaryanto, 1993:31-39).

The results and discussion
From the observation it can be found that the influence of mbA in the construction of fbJ in TKK occurred in the construction of the following phrases.

Nominal phrase
Nominal phrase of Javanese language (FNbJ) is formed from the noun as a core element and followed by other elements as modificators or attributes. However, in TKK, the construction of FNbJ is not like that, but on the contrary, the core is located behind its modificators. Thus, the construction is like the construction of an mbA. The reversal or permutation of the constituent place or the filler elements of FNbJ occurred in the following construction.

Deictic nominal phrase
The deictic FN (FND) is a phrase which its constituents consist of a noun as the core, followed by demonstrative pronouns (PrD) as a modificator.
For example: (2) calon lurah iki 'the candidate of the head of this village' Meanwhile, like the above bA construction its sequence or order is demonstrative pronouns (PrD) or ism-isyarah (IsI) and followed by ism (N). The construction of the phrase of papat saking manuk, sak gelas saking toyanipun telaga, and rong gelintir saking lempung can not be found in bJ. Such phrase construction is not in accordance with the rules of bJ. The thing that can be found in the construction of bJ is the nominal construction which the noun core is followed by numeralia as its modificators such as manuk papat, toya telaga sagelas, and lempung rong gelintir.

Possessive Nominal Phrases
The Possessive nominal phrases (FNP) are the phrase construction in ZKLFK WKH FRUH HOHPHQW VHUYHV DV WKH SRVVHVVHG DQG WKH PRGLILFDWRU ¶V element as the 'the possessor or the owner'. In the construction of FNP BJ's the core relation and its modificators stated by the use of ±e, ne, -ing, or ± ipun which are attached to the core of phrase construction, such as: In essence, the phrase construction should be translated the same as FNP bJ construction, namely luwangane neraka, anak turune Nabi Adam, and bekakase wong lanang utawa wadon µWKH JHQLWDOV RI PHQ RU ZRPHQ

Adjectival phrases
Adjectival Phrases (FA) is a phrase construction which consists of adjectival phrases as the core and followed by other elements as modificators.
The characteristics of adjectives generally can be seen if that word can accompany nouns, and it can be attached to Javanese adverbs like rada, luwih, banget, etc. the presence of these adverbs complements form the construction like rada putih, luwih ayu, manis banget, ora ayu etc. However, the above definition is quite different from the adjectival construction in bA. In bA, the adjektival construction is a construction which is composed of the maushuf 'the characterized' as the core (in a form of a noun) and followed by shifat 'the things which is describe or elaborate' as a modifier (adjective form which is formed by the pattern of fa` il, such as `Azhim, syadîd, and so forth. In bJ, the word is translated as an example of (16).
In addition, Murakkab Washfiy as in example of (16) can be changed on reverse order that is the emphasis on the element of its modificator (topicalization) which is placed before the core of the phrase. Such topicalization can be formed with Murakkab Idhafi (MI) or a possessive phrase. However, the translation into bJ should be kept like the adjectival phrase of (example 15) because if it is translated as the usual or common translation of MI it becomes the unacceptable phrase construction. For example: 17. syadîdatul-harârati Ad A Very hot In TKK the founded data the translation is as common as the translation of how to translate MI exactly similar like the above example.
For instance: The phrase of bangete panas in the example of (18) and (19) above is clearly the result of the direct translation of the construction of syiddatalcharri which consists of syiddatun and chârrun for expressing the sense of 'ownership', as an example (16), namely the existence of additional -e or ne on the element 'the posessed', as an example (11).

Numeral phrase
Numeral Phrases (FNum) or in bA called CPXUDNNDE µDGDGL\ basically has the same definition, namely the phrase construction which consists of

QXPHUDOLD DV WKH ILUVW FRQVWLWXHQW ZKLFK LV FDOOHG ³adad´ RU WKH FRXQWHU DQG
the other one in a form of noun which is called ³PD ¶GXG´ ZKLFK PHDQV ³WKH

FRXQWHG´ RU ³WKH FDOFXODWHG
The interference of numeral phrase construction in TKK is assumed to occur because of the habit of translating the typical bJ on pesantren (Islamic boarding school) on plural nouns, i.e. pira-pira which means 'some or several'. For example: (20) / tumla'u / kang di kebaki apa kutha/ min ni`amil-lahi/saking pira-pira nikmati Allah/ (I: 31) Kutha kang dikebaki saking pira-pira nikmate Allah 'A town which full of various grace of Allah' The construction of pira-SLUD QLNPDW ³EHEHUDSD QLNPDW´ LV WKH translation result of plural noun of bA QL ¶DPXQ from ni'matun. Pira-pira is the main re-shaped or re-constructed uncountable which is the form variation of the form pirang-pirang, but each of them has different meanings. The difference of meaning of those two numeralia can be seen in the following phrase.
(21) bojone pirang-pirang 'he has so many wife' (22) dhuwit pira-pira entek 'No matter how much money he has it always runs out' (23) * pira-pira dhuwit If we consider the above examples, it can be proved that pira-pira has different meaning compared to pirang-pirang. While the form of pira-pira if its construction is modified or changed it become unacceptable one (Example of 23). Similarly, the phrase construction of pira-pira nikmat, if the intended PHDQLQJ LV µVRPH RU VHYHUDO LV FRQVLGHUHG DV DQ XQDFFHSWDEOH FRQVWUXFWLRQ ,Q bJ, in expressing the uncountable amount which have the meaning of 'some or meaning' is sawetara (Sudaryanto, 1991:106, Wedhawati et al., 2001.
In TKK the form of such translation can be found as follows: If it is observed of the above example, it can be seen that the phrase of pira-pira masjide Allah and pira-pira drajat is actually a numeral phrase.
However, the translation was influenced by the habitual ways of translating the plural noun of bA into bJ of the typical pesantren, that is by adding the word pira-pira RYHU WKH QRXQ ZKLFK ³FDQ EH counted'. According to the rules of acceptable shape of the numeral phrase bJ is: If we observe it partially the phrase of saking patang perkara and saking manuk papat from the above example, it is true that it is the FP (prepositional phrase) construction, but if the FP is put as the part of the function of the sentence it becomes unacceptable. That unacceptance is caused by the existence of prepositions that is not in line and gives influence to the contextual meaning of the phrase. To achieve the accordance over the context, the used preposition should be replaced in the form of conjunctions like kerana (example of 27).
The example phrase of (28) saking manuk papat ing sak perangan is the result of a confusing translation. It happened when the translator only shifted or transferred the original text into bJ. The real idea contained in the source language is in fact that Allah (God) commanded the people to cut up those four birds. Then each piece was placed in four directions of (the mountain). Thus, the use of preposition in the phrase of saking in that phrase is not precise or accurate. The true form should be the noun of perangane should become the core or main phrase. In the dynamic translation, a translator is not necessarily to be faithful to the source language texts so that the result of the sentence would be easily to understand and comprehend by the reader. The above sentence should be translated as follows.
(27a) Kanjeng Nabi iku siram kerana patang perkara 'The Prophet is commanded to take shower because of four matters' (28a) Ing-saben saben gunung selehana perangane manuk papat mahu or perangane manuk papat mahu selehna ing saben-saben gunung 'Put the parts of those four dead bird in every direction of the mountain' In the preposition of bA the word min can be used to express various meanings, as in the use in bJ, among others bayaniah 'the explanation' or 'made of /made of the material', LEWLGD ¶L\DK ' the beginning' (of place or time), zharfiyah 'place', sababiyah / ta `lil ' causation or purpose' and so on (al-Ghalayayniy, 1986, III: 173-175, al-Hasyimi, 1345. The bJ preposition which in its use also gets the influence of bA is the preposition of `an. The preposition of `an usually translated into saking, although such preposition can be used to show the other meaning, such as amarga and ngenani. However, the TKK preposition it is only translated saking therefore the construction form is uncommon in bJ. For instance: The use of the preposition Ing dalem in above sentence is not appropriate because the prepositions of ing dalem usually used to express the meDQLQJ RI µSODFH ¶ 0HDQZKLOH tentang is not the preposition of BJ. Therefore, the unfit or unmatch elements should be deleted (ing dalem) or replaced (tentang) with the correct preposition, namely ngenani, ngingingi or bab for the misuse of tentang. Thus, it is not all the existing particles in the text should be translated, particularly if the translation in the target language becomes the unacceptably and uncommonly used construction.

Conclusions and Suggestions
From the result of the above data analysis, it can be seen that the construction of fbJ in TKK have been greatly influenced or interfered by the construction of mbA so that the translation result of fbJ construction becomes uncommon or unusual. The peculiarity of the use of that construction is generally caused by the frequent use of the mbA construction, particularly the nominal phrases and the prepositional phrases. A translator is very often just seeking for and presenting the equivalent of the words (they do not present the content within the phrase) into bJ, while its construction is still faithful or in line with the construction of mbA.
From the above elaboration, it can be concluded that the translator of TKK can be described as follows.
1. The translators have been affected by the habit of translating KKbA at the pesantren (Islamic boarding school).
2. The translators tend to use the methods of literal translation rather than the method of dynamic translation or the natural, flexible and communicative.
3. Translators give more emphasis or faithful to the form or the grammar of source language rather than the grammar of target language.
4. The competence of the translator towards the grammar of bJ or the other linguistic problems is weak, so the result of the translation is very often look inflexible, difficult to understand, and deviant from the grammar of bJ.
From the above explanation, then there are some questions arise. One of them is the question whether the interpreter is greatly influenced by the previous translator or they do not understand or they never fully study the grammar of bJ through formal education, such as schools. If this is the case, presumably it can be understood that there is no balance between level of mastery of grammar B1 (Javanese language) and their mastery of grammar B2 (Arabic).
There are some suggestions as the consideration for further improvement as follows.
1. There should be a training and workshop for translators, especially the Arab-Java translator by the department concerned with this group.
2. The translator should carefully accurately the best he can do in shifting or WUDQVIHUULQJ WKH DXWKRU ¶V PDQGDWH RU PHDQLQJ IURP VRXUFH ODQJXDJH WR target language in the hope that the result of his translation can be easily understood and comprehended by the public.
3. It is no need for the translator to be faithful to use the language construction of the source language if in the target language has its own language construction. 4. The translator can choose the appropriate translation method, such as the G\QDPLF WUDQVODWLRQ PHWKRGV VR WKDW WKH DXWKRU ¶V PDQGDWH RU PHDQLQJ FDQ be translated naturally to the target language. All the rare or foreign entities or less natural as far as possible can be avoided.
Furthermore, for the researchers who have an interested in the field of language research (especially the interference of bA in bJ or bI) there is a widely open opportunity to investigate this problem since the research materials in the form of manuscripts, both in bJ and the Malay language is still abundant which has not been investigated and studied. For this purpose, it should be conducted the more complete research which cover other level areas for the opportunity for other researchers.