The Types of Cohesion Used in the ‘Issues of the Day' Strip in the Jakarta Post

This study is aimed at describing discourse studies especially at cohesion from reader's opinion strip. This is literary research, so the writer uses descriptive qualitative approach. In this research, documentation and note taking technique are used to collect the data. There are two objectives of the research: 1) to carry out the types of grammatical cohesion used in the “Issues of the Day” strip in The Jakarta Post on March 2012 edition and 2) to find out the types of lexical cohesion used in the “Issues of The Day” strip in The Jakarta Post on March 2012 edition. After investigating the English sentences used in the “Issues of the Day” strip in The Jakarta Post on March 2012 edition, the writer found several findings as follows: 1) based on the analysis of grammatical cohesion, the writer found there are references, substitutions, ellipsis, and conjunctions; 2) based on the analysis of lexical cohesion, the writer found repetitions, synonyms, hyponyms, meronyms, antonyms, and collocations. The writer expects that it is able to contribute the science of linguistic and able to be guidance for all readers.


Introduction
Writing is a process of expressing ideas or thoughts through words.
Someone produces something in written form so that people can read, perform, or use it. People are encouraged to ensure a text flow through a sequence of sentences when present their ideas in writing tasks. Thus,

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sentences they use to express those ideas. Sentences need to be connected to each other. If ideas or sentences are simply juxtaposed without being related to one another, it will be difficult or impossible for the reader to understand the sequence. For enhancing the connectedness of sentences in a text, writers PD\ XVH ³FRKHVLRQ´ WR MRLQ LGHDV EHWZHHQ VHQWHQFHV WR FUHDWH texture (Halliday and Hasan, 1976: 4).
People are demanded to understand to read, and to create coherent texts. In order to achieve it, the readers must be able to interpret the semantic relation in the text. It is necessary for a writer to master the concept of written text and the use of semantic relation through grasp of their linguistic function, such as theme, rhyme, and lexico-grammatical cohesion. Cohesion can be defined as the links that hold a text together and give a meaning to the text. Hassan and Halliday (1976) classified cohesion into: 1) Grammatical cohesion devices, which are reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction, and 2) Lexical cohesion devices, which are in the form of a) reiteration: repetition, synonym, antonym, hyponym, meronym, and b) collocation.
The opinion strip in The Jakarta Post has many commentators and it was found that the texts were arranged by different writer and styles. Being interested in knowing those facts, the writer is curious to find out the types of cohesion that is used in their comments. By using 135 comments on March 2012 edition, this study will analyze the use of semantic relation of lexico-grammatical cohesion as one of the linguistic functions. It will focus on the analysis of cohesion by identifying the cohesive devices that are employed in texts according to 0 $ . +DOOLGD\ DQG 5XTDL\D +DVDQ ¶V cohesion theory (1994) to explore what kinds of the type of cohesion used in WKDW µ,VVXHV RI WKH 'D\ ¶VWULS

Research Methodology
The writer uses a descriptive qualitative research. A qualitative research is type of research which does not include any calculation or enumeration because the data are produced in the form of words (Moleong, 1993: 3). It means that qualitative data tend to be the form of words than series of number. Descriptive serves to describe or analogy characterizing something and it deals with the meaning of thing and one view of meaning is associative. This study attempts to identify, classify, and describe the VHQWHQFHV RI WKH ³,VVXHV RI 7KH 'D\´ VWULS WKDW WDNHQ IURP 7KH -DNDUWD 3RVW newspaper.

Data Collection Methods
There are many ways to collect the data, such as documentation, observation, tests, interview, and questionnaire (Arikunto, 2007: 101). In this case, the writer uses documentation because Arikunto (1993: 202) defines that documentation method is collecting data by using some variables such as note, transcript, book, newspaper, ancient inscription, etc. This research is continued with note-taking technique which the data are listed, wrote, and classifying according to the cohesion types. To collect the data, the writer needs some procedure. These steps are: a. Reading and learning 135 comments LQ ³,VVXHV RI WKH 'D\´ VWULS LQ The Jakarta Post on March 2012 edition.
b. Identifying the words with emphasize on each comments that become markers of cohesion types (the writer just focus on cohesion from each comments, other cohesion types, especially for substitution, ellipsis, and lexical cohesion, from different comment will not be taken although they stay at the same topic and edition. Whereas the other types like reference and conjunction can be collected from all sentences in the same edition, and the writer will put one in the analysis as the representative of each types).

Technique of Data Analysis
In analyzing the data, the writer applies descriptive method which does not need hypothesis formulation. The steps are taken by the writer in analyzing data such as:

Data Collection
Through this step, the writer reads the text of English writing on the newspaper and puts all as the data. The writer has collected the data from 135 comments of Jakarta Post on March 2012 edition.

Identification
After collects the data, the writer identifies the types of cohesion that are found in the strip.

Classification
The writer classifies the sentences from each comments based on the types of cohesion. It has been collected to continue the next analysis process.

Data Analysis
After classifying the sentences, the writer analyses the description of each sentence based on theories of M.A.K. Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan (1994).

Discussion
The writer is going to present the sources of data from Jakarta Post on March 2012 edition as follows:

Grammatical Cohesion a. Substitution
There are seven sentences contains substitution found in the articles. The writer is going to divide them based on types:

1) Nominal
There is only one data that used nominal substitution, here is the analysis: (4) His teaching of Islam is definitely not the right one.

2) Verbal
There are five data that applied verbal substitution, here are some the analysis: (16) They must be punished for what they have done.

3) Clausal
There is only one data that applied verbal substitution, here is the analysis: (8) Even so, Garuda are looking much better these days for certain.

b. Reference
All of the data employ references, there are twenty-five editions with different types found in each articles. The writer is going to divide them based on their types:

1) Personal
Almost of each edition uses personal references. Here some representative of analysis:

a) Pronoun
(1) I am of the opinion that people representatives can be found from neighborhood based representative.

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Almost of each edition uses personal references. Here some representative of analysis: (6) If you did not pull out players playing for the LSI, our team would not have been tortured by Bahrain.

2) Demonstrative
Almost of each edition uses demonstrative references. Here some representative of analysis: (1) This is outrageous and the heartless, cruel people responsible should be prosecuted.

c. Ellipsis
There are twelve sentences contains ellipsis found in the articles.
The writer is going to give some representative to be analyzed based on their types:

1) Nominal
There are eight nominal ellipsis found in the text. The writer is going to give some representative to be analyzed: (2) We must use or 0 lose our rights!

2) Verbal
There are three verbal ellipsis found in the text. The writer is going to give some representative to be analyzed: (9) Some of these Middle East uprisings will succeed, some will not 0.

3) Clausal
There is only one clausal ellipsis found in the text. The writer is going to discuss it: (7) 0 Not because they are vocal, street visible, selfproclaimed police, and instituting instant justice, but because it is the right thing to do.

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wants to disband radical mass-groups not because they are vocal, street visible, self-proclaimed police, and instituting instant justice, but because it is the right thing WR GR ´

d. Conjunction
There are fifty-seven conjunction are discovered. Most of them have similar word, so the writer only discuss one word to representative the same based on their types:

1) Additive
There are ten additive conjunction found in the text. The writer is going to give some representative to be analyzed:

2) Causality
There are fourteen causality conjunction found in the text.
The writer is going to give some representative to be analyzed: (

3) Adversative
There are twenty-four adversative conjunctions found in the texts. The writer is going to give some representative to be analyzed: ( Emphatic means something is done strictly. (6) We have a large population with a great potential among our youth to excel in sports. However, they are not given a chance.

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adversative. It shows a pity contradiction between the great of youth population with the chances that can be given.

4) Temporality
There are nine temporality conjunction found in the text. The writer is going to give some representative to be analyzed: (1) Finally, they have admitted their mistake.

Lexical Cohesion a. Reiteration
Reiteration is a form of lexical cohesion which involves the repetition of a lexical item and a number of things in using synonymy, antonym, hyponymy, and meronymy at one end of the scale. It will be identified through the following classes:

1) Repetitions
The writer found twenty repetitions in the research; here is some representative for analysis: (12) Do the best, think the best, and God will give you the best.

2) Synonymy
The writer found fourteen synonyms in the data, here is some representatives for the analysis:

3) Hyponymy
The writer found nineteen hyponyms in the data; here are some representatives for analysis:

4) Meronymy
The writer found four meronyms in the data; here are some representatives for the analysis:

5) Antonym
The writer found twelve antonyms in the data; here is some representatives for analysis:

b. Collocation
The writer analyzed this type based on the whole of each edition because each collocation is related with the topic. There are thirty collocation are found. The writer is going to give some representatives to be analyzed: (10) There are two collocation: -Bule This word has closely sense with foreigner µ%XOH ¶ RQO\ used by our society to call foreign tourists who have white skin and blond hair. -Equality This word has closely sense with fairness. They can be categorized as synonym.

Conclusion
Discourse analysis leads to analyze of constituents (smaller units) that have particular relationship with one another in a text. There many parts of discourse analysis, and cohesion is one of them. Cohesion occurs